Your Astronomy Now

A popular misconception on Astronomy is that it requires high-priced equipment as well as great prior knowledge. However, Astronomy starts with ’star watching’. Star watching is engaging but not necessarily difficult. It does not require an expensive telescope or remarkable skills. Star gazing is flexible enough to meet everyone’s enthusiasm. You can start out with your naked eye learning to identify a number of constellations and stars. You will gradually be able to recognize any constellation on a clear night sky visible to the naked eye on any time of the year. This demands of you nothing more than a bit of enthusiasm and basic knowledge of star watching.

So what are the prerequisites of star watching? Simple, a pair of eyes and a ’star chart’. A star chart is an outline or map, of the night sky on a particular season of the year. Star charts are made for different seasons, simply because the sky is not the same on all times of the year. The reason behind is that the glare of the sun affects the brightness of the night sky differently in different seasons. Star charts are also occasionally made for different regions. You can easily guess why, observers on the different regions of earth will clearly witness a different layout of the sky above them. However, before learning more about star charts, let us see some general tips for star watching.

General Tips on Star watching:

Far from the downtown: If you stay within a city or town, the lights from buildings and structures may over-illuminate the sky thus reducing the visibility of many stars. If you’re in the outskirts or have few edifices around, this won’t be a problem. If you can’t go out somewhere for your star watching activity, you can probably wait till the city lights dim to a minimum.

Select your facility: It can be your backyard, or your roof-top, find a comfortable, serene place where you get a full (bright) view of the night sky.

Get geared up: Dress yourself suitably (so that you don’t freeze on long star gazing sessions), get some munchies and/or hot-coffee for added festivity, A relaxing chair, and a flashlight covered with red wrapper (the wavelength of red illumination doesn’t affect your ability to watch faint objects in sky). Many suggest a bug-spray, just in case.

No full moon, please: Ideally, you’ve to plan your star gazing activity observing the moon phase. Star watching is ideal on no-full moon.

Where’s the map? Most importantly, get a star chart or star chart software. See more on star charts below.

Star charts and Star chart software:

Where can I get them? Star charts are available in many formats. There are weekly magazines that publish star charts of specific regions for their published time period. Another place to look at is the Internet. However, once you start your star gazing, its best to use a star chart software that draws the current sky map. This is extremely useful for a star watcher. A star chart software can draw the exact sky map for a given region at the input time. It also takes care of many other factors, the moon phase, the exact latitude and longitude of the given region, the motion of the solar system through the galaxy, the glare of the sun affecting the brightness of sky among many others. All these complex functions are built into the star chart software to provide the most accurate star chart custom made for you! This way, you can plan your star watching session ideally beforehand, and mark points of interest you would like to watch every week. Moreover, such software is free to obtain.

How can I use it? Once you obtain a star chart, whether a generic star chart, or a printed star chart from your favorite star mapping software, you can start finding the patterns of constellations in the sky! This is the exciting part, of course, and its easy. If you’re using software to make your star charts, you can easily recognize what’s above, because you have a more-than-accurate map of the sky. Once you start recognizing the constellations, you will naturally begin to learn identifying individual stars. Once again, your star chart software aids you in this greatly.

What next? Now that you can identify your favorite stars and constellations on any night sky, the next step is to observe the sky for long terms. Yes, that’s how you learn how the sky changes its appearance as the earth moves through its orbit every year, and the entire solar system traverses through the milky way. There’s no better way to appreciate the majestic sky than watching it through the year. Once you become proficient at it, i.e., after a year or two, you might want to get deeper into astronomy. Next steps include buying a 7×50 binoculars for watching objects of lesser magnitude, later a telescope to begin with, joining an astro-club, and so on. The fascination of Astronomy is guaranteed to take you a long way.

Solar eclipses are one of the true wonders of nature.

A basic explanation of what a solar eclipse is that it happens when the moon comes directly between the sun and the earth in either a partial or total fashion. Solar eclipses can only occur during new moons. This is the time of the month when the illuminated surface of the moon lies on the opposite side of the earth. It would seem that this implies a solar eclipse would occur once a month but in actuality the moon’s orbit around the earth is slightly elliptical and tilts varying over an angle of five degrees relative to the earth. The moon only blocks the sun roughly twice a year when the new moon coincides with the tilt of the moon’s orbit lying directly between the earth and the sun. The shadow of the moon is not large enough to cover the total surface of our planet so only a portion of the earth experiences an eclipse at a time.

The difference between the more common partial eclipse and the more dramatic total eclipse is simply that in a total eclipse the moon is directly lined up so that it blocks out the sun in its entirety for a short period of time. Also, because the moon varies in distance from the earth during its orbit with time, it looks larger to the earth during some eclipses and smaller at others. When the moon is close to the earth during a total eclipse a total blockage of the sun’s surface will occur. When the moon is further away it appears smaller and a slight ring of the sun around the moon’s surface is visible. The result is an annular eclipse.

A total eclipse is regarded as one of the true wonders of nature. Near its climax the world is cast into a different kind of darkness with an eerie orange and yellow twilight effect. Just as the sun passes under the cover of the moon the last sliver of the sun breaks into points of light known as Bailey’s Beads. Bailey’s Beads are the last remnants of light passing through the lunar valleys of the moon. Soon the last brilliant bead remains resembling a diamond ring. Finally totality is reached. At this point the actual gases emitted from the sun are visible around the perimeter of the moon at a luminosity equivalent to that of a full moon. The sun is perfectly safe to look at during this time in the form of a black disk in the sky. The magnitude of a total eclipse’s beauty can not be over exaggerated. The eclipse then reverses with the sun once again becoming visible and the sky returning to normal.

During a partial eclipse viewing the sun will cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye. Special techniques such as the use of pinhole cameras or special filters should be used to view the sun at this time. The outer portion of the sun that is visible during a partial eclipse is known as the penumbra. The black inner portion of the eclipse that occurs during total eclipses is termed the umbra.

The occurrence of eclipses is predictable and well known. The known frequencies of exactly identical positions of the moon with respect to the sun and the earth are called the saros of eclipses. Formulas from calculations based on the saros enable astrophysicists to determine both when and where partial and total eclipses will take place. In addition, the percentages of partial to total eclipses, as well as what are called hybrid eclipses, can be determined beforehand. Hybrid eclipses are a combination of both total and annular eclipses which occur along different portions of their paths.

Eclipses are beautiful and precious natural phenomena whose wonder only increases when one understands the science behind them. These solar phenomena evidence the full glory of nature’s grand design.

1) Solar Eclipses for Beginners by Fred Espenak; 2000 2) Eclipses and the Saro; Fred Espenak 3) Totality - Eclipses of the Sun - Second Editio by Mark Littmann, Ken Willcox & Fred Espenak; Publisher: Oxford University Press

Lunar observation or moon watching is the business of professional astronomers and the avocation of amateur sleuths of the heavens worldwide.

Did you know that primarily due to the impact of gravity and its accompanying centrifugal forces, there is a yearly increase in the physical distance between the earth and the moon ?

That means that at some point, there will be an end to earth-moon tidal effects, and at that point the moon will experience a stabilization in it’s orbital relationship to the earth. So, for professional and amateur astronomers alike, there is no better time to watch and learn about the moon than now! You can join professional astronomers and watch the moon from the comfort of home today.

If you are one of countless amateur astronomers glued to a back yard telescope or just doing a bit of lunar watching with the naked eye, here’s a few:

Lunar Watching Tips

• The best time to see the moon is during the 1st quarter. The detail visible to lunar watchers offers more clarity and detail at this time than any other.

• If you are lunar watching with the naked eye, be sure to look for the seas, plains, some craters and earthshine, a glow of light on the night side of the moon, which may be clearly visible.

• If you are watching with binoculars, you are sure to get a good wide field to see many areas of the moon. Try using a tripod for an even better visual field with added clarity.

• If you are using a telescope, more detail will be available to you than through the naked eye or binoculars. With an increase in aperture, your telescope will reveal more of the details of the moon. Try to do your lunar watching on a clear night using a filter to cut down on excess light, which will diminish the quality of your lunar watching, to assure the best results.

Astronomers are always seeking to track data with graphs to keep track of trends and stars in a quest to track happenings in the universe.

The more complex and costly telescopes are perhaps the only true tools for watching the moon and learning about the mysteries hidden in the heart of space and time.

To get an accurate and clear picture of the moon many astronomers are now using multiple telescopes, all in unison, to assure the best resolution possible when they are engaged in lunar watching. Great precision is required in the telescopes used by astronomers to get the best visual data possible for research and discovery.

Today, computers control vast arrays of telescopes as the quest for more accurate data, better resolution and a clear picture of the moon and it’s hidden secrets begin to reveal themselves to the masters of astronomy.